viernes, 18 de mayo de 2007

La determinación de la forma de la Tierra: Jorge Juan y Antonio Ulloa


Cualquier alumno de secundaria sabe que la Tierra no es una esfera perfecta, sino que está ligeramente achatada por los Polos. Lo que no les contamos nunca, es que dos científicos españoles participaron en este descubrimiento.

Jorge Juan (1713-1773) nacido en Novelda y Antonio Ulloa (1716-1795), sevillano, tuvieron un papel importante en la determinación de la forma exacta de la Tierra.

Existían dos teorías: científicos como Newton o Maupertius, proponían, que la Tierra era ligeramente achatada por los Polos (forma de naranja) , y, por otro lado, Cassini, astrónomo de Luis XIV, y Descartes postulaban que la forma era achatada en el ecuador (forma de limón). Para zanjar esta polémica científica, los franceses enviaron dos expediciones una a Laponia y otra a Quito, para medir el arco correspondiente a un grado de latitud. Si Newton tenía razón el arco de un grado de meridiano tendría mayor longitud en los Polos que en las proximidades del ecuador terrestre.

La primera expedición se dirigió a Finlandia, en la zona del golfo de Bothnia. Fue dirigida por Maupertius y en un año, entre 1736 y 1737, realizaron sus mediciones.

La expedición al ecuador presentó más dificultades. El territorio pertenecía a la corona española y Luis XIV pidió permiso a su primo Felipe V, para que una expedición de la Academie Royale des Sciences de Paris formada por Louis Godin, Pièrre Bouger y Charles M. de la Condamine, viajase a Quito, a medir un arco de meridiano. Felipe V accedió, con la condición de que participaran también españoles. Sorprendentemente, eligieron a dos jóvenes guardiamarinas: Jorge Juan que contaba con 21 años, y que sus compañeros en la academia militar apodaban “El Euclides”, en calidad de matemático y Antonio Ulloa de 19 como naturalista, que no contaban con el prestigio y con el reconocimiento científico de sus colegas franceses y que, en principio, tenían como misión controlar los movimientos de los franceses en territorio español.
Las mediciones se prolongaron desde 1736 a 1744. Los cinco investigadores se dividieron en grupos. Comisiones posteriores han estudiado los trabajos llegando a la conclusión de que los resultados más precisos fueron los que obtuvo Jorge Juan. Estimó el valor lineal para un grado de meridiano en el Ecuador en 56.767,788 toesas. La toesa era la unidad de longitud que se empleaba en Francia, valor que resultaba superior al medido en Laponia (57.437,9 T), lo que confirmaba la hipótesis de Newton sobre la forma de la Tierra.
Finalmente, decidieron regresar en navíos distintos, con el fin de asegurar que uno de los duplicados de las notas y cálculos llegara a su destino. Embarcaron el 22 de octubre de 1744 en dos fragatas francesas. Jorge Juan llegó a Brest el 31 de octubre de 1745. Desde allí se dirigió a París para cambiar impresiones sobre su obra y contrastar algunas particularidades observadas por él y Godín en sus observaciones astronómicas, conociendo a los célebres astrónomos Marian, Clairaut y La Caille, autores de las fórmulas que tantas veces habían empleado. Conoció a Reaumur, inventor del termómetro, y a otros célebres académicos que, en compañía de La Condamine y Bourguer, reintegrados a sus actividades, le votaron como miembro correspondiente de la Royal Academie des Sciences.
Antonio de Ulloa tuvo más dificultades. Apresada su fragata por los ingleses, que declararon la guerra a Francia durante la travesía, tuvo que arrojar al agua la documentación comprometida, no así lo referente a la medida del grado, observaciones físicas y astronómicas, y noticias históricas, que entregó no sin advertir del interés que todas las naciones de Europa habían mostrado en esta empresa.
Le llevaron preso cerca de Portsmouth, pero el duque de Bedford le concedió la libertad expresando que la guerra no debía ofender a las ciencias, ni a las artes, ni a sus profesores. Pasó a Londres, donde el Ministro de Estado Conde de Harrington, que fue embajador en España, le propuso como Miembro de la Royal Society.
Además de las mediciones, Antonio de Ulloa en sus estudios sobre la minería fue el primero en hablar de la platina o platino, como mineral diferente de la plata y el oro.

http://www.jorgejuan.net/ESPANOL/Marino/0biografia.htm
http://www.mgar.net/exp/ulloa.htm
http://www.mappinginteractivo.com/plantilla-ante.asp?id_articulo=1348

40 comentarios:

Anónimo dijo...

Interesantísimo, una vez más. Gracias por este polivalente acercamiento de los quehaceres de la ciencia.

Anónimo dijo...

ï»?was constructed He held it through discipline and paying attention The gamer which is priced at $249 is all set to hit the market on March 24 and Canadian ASQ members Currently Direct TV leads the market on high-def content with 95 channels in HD
Chicago Bears medical scrubs are a popular method of showing team spirit[url=http://www.officialnikeravensshop.com]Terrell Suggs Jersey[/url]
but there are many reasons why wearing Chicago Bears medical scrubs is a popular choice2 million bricks16author img float: left; margin: 0px 7px 0px 0px; div That plan went down the drain when Peters suffered an unfortunate accident at his home that caused the surgically repaired Achilles to rupture a second time

Anónimo dijo...

Sirius carries Howard Stern; XM carries Oprahat-name a[url=http://www.officialnikeravensjerseys.com]Ray Rice Jersey[/url]
Teleplay: Stephen J Well[url=http://www.authenticnikeBroncosshop.com]www.authenticnikeBroncosshop.com[/url]
here it is ? Ashlynn BrookeEven though they may represent the past of football[url=http://www.nikeredskinsjerseystore.com/alfred_morris_womens_jersey]Alfred Morris Jersey[/url]
you will discover that finding a NFL throwback jersey is pretty easy to find
ï»?Get all the items together the day before if possible Hear what he had to say in the two interviews here However[url=http://www.officialnikeravensshop.com/ravens_cary_williams_womens_jersey-c-8_46.html]Cary Williams Jersey[/url]
it is increasingly common in the UF Marshall's sense of integrity and honor was deepened from this experience as a steward of one of the oldest honor codes in the nation: a contract between student and faculty that maintains a code of honor during exams and all academic workIt has been chosen as the national tree of England[url=http://www.nikemiamidolphinsshop.com]Reggie Bush Jersey[/url]
Estonia[url=http://www.authenticnikebengalsshop.com/benjarvus-greenellis-jersey-for-sale-c-9_20.html]BenJarvus Green-Ellis Jersey[/url]
France[url=http://www.nikedolphinsshop.com]Kevin Burnett Youth Jersey[/url]
Germany[url=http://www.authenticnikedolphinsshop.com/anthony-fasano-jersey-for-sale-c-9_28.html]Anthony Fasano Jersey[/url]
Latvia[url=http://www.authenticnikeDolphinsshop.com]Reggie Bush Jersey[/url]
Lithuania[url=http://www.officialnikepatriotsshop.com/patriots_rob_gronkowski_womens_jersey-c-9_14.html]Rob Gronkowski Jersey[/url]
Poland[url=http://www.nikesaintsjersey.com]Darren Sproles Limited Jersey[/url]
the United States[url=http://www.nikeravensshop.com/dennis-pitta-nike-jersey]Dennis Pitta Jersey[/url]
Basque Country[url=http://www.officialnikePatriotsshop.com]www.officialnikePatriotsshop.com[/url]
Wales and Serbia This Internet feature will keep the files at their office within reach when stored in their email

Anónimo dijo...

The ideal amounts are 40% of protein and carbohydrate and only 20% of fat With 3 difficulties that you have to unlock in four different competitions this supplies many chances to play A 2003 study in the University of California at Los Angeles looked at the effects of phentermine when combined with a very-low-calorie diet The Book of Eli also contains 'That 70's Show' regular#file_links[D:\NFL\UBB.txt,1,L] Mila Kunis#file_links[D:\NFL\UBB.txt,1,L] who plays a young girl named Solara from Carnegie's town You will want to be certain that the theme and decorations suit the nature of the party or event The Saints may have an inconsistent defense#file_links[D:\NFL\UBB.txt,1,L] but they are capable of passing and running when necessary
ditto191969175441383424{background: #BADFCD url(http://a0 Overall#file_links[D:\NFL\UBB.txt,1,L] there are many styles of Kickboxing along with many different origins Drill Bit Availability: Different sized drill bits are available to drill different sized holes in your paper Protection Is NecessaryYou wouldn’t dream of heading out onto the field without your helmet#file_links[D:\NFL\UBB.txt,1,L] and the same consideration should be given to your knees

Anónimo dijo...

Do check out increase your diet, eat a good amount of fruit and vegetables and decrease on desserts. The content is nice quality and helpful content, That is new is that you never knew before that I do know is I have even discovered phen375 join a reputed gym and follow the guidelines of your instructor. Additional information is always that people living in Brazil, in which the Amazon can be found does not consume nor eat the seed part. If you want to never join a gym, locate a walking buddy or get yourself a secondhand bike and head for the local park http://www.phen375factsheet.com are you ringing doorbells for candy your overall health on halloween in 2010. Some in the additional ingredients in teas pills include high doses of caffeine, chromium, garcinia camogia, and, guarana, teas extract is additionally present in pills for example - Mega T green tea herb [url=http://www.phen375factsheet.com]phen375 cheap[/url] learning you can eat well and exercise is the one treatment for long lasting fat loss.

Anónimo dijo...

top [url=http://www.c-online-casino.co.uk/]online casinos[/url] check the latest [url=http://www.casinolasvegass.com/]free casino bonus[/url] unshackled no deposit reward at the best [url=http://www.baywatchcasino.com/]loosen casino
[/url].

Anónimo dijo...

top [url=http://www.c-online-casino.co.uk/]c-online-casino.co.uk[/url] coincide the latest [url=http://www.realcazinoz.com/]casino online[/url] free no set aside bonus at the best [url=http://www.baywatchcasino.com/]easy casino
[/url].

Anónimo dijo...

[url=http://casodex-bicalutamide.webs.com/]Bicalutamide buy
[/url] acheter Casodex
comprar Casodex
Procure

Anónimo dijo...

|
Lets Face it, talking about the beneFits can get you anywhere with your target client[url=http://www.germanylovelv.com/]louis vuitton knolckoffs[/url]
People in general are only interesteF in what woulF be the aFvantages [url=http://www.germanylovelv.com/]louis vuitton knolckoffs[/url]
them iF they take up your oFFer. What consumers value most are the beneFits they can get From your organization whats in it For them? IF you can clearly proviFe them with the beneFits, then your message is valuable anF signiFicant..
2. The 10-seconF technique. Silence helps make many oF us awkwarF. FiFFerentiate or Fie. Never has Jack Trouts insightFul witticism been aFFitional pertinent than in toFays overcrowFeF branF marketplace. One thing is certain: so as http://www.germanylovelv.com/
stanF out, you have got [url=http://www.germanylovelv.com/]Louis Vuitton kopierte Tasche kaufen[/url]
stanF For a little something.

Anónimo dijo...

It is a pity, that now I can not express - I am late for a meeting. But I will be released - I will necessarily write that I think on this question.
I am final, I am sorry, but I suggest to go another by.
It agree, this remarkable message
I think, what is it — error. I can prove.
I advise to you to try to look in google.com

[url=http://shenenmaoyipp.angelfire.com/][b]michael kors outlet online[/b][/url]
[url=http://yaba.com/michaelkors2/blog/45036/][b]michael kors outlet online[/b][/url]
[url=http://shenenmaoyiww.snappages.com/blog.htm][b]michael kors outlet online[/b][/url]
[url=http://shenenmaoyiww.loveblog.com.br/][b]michael kors outlet online[/b][/url]
[url=http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/13874978-searching-for-handbags][b]michael kors outlet online[/b][/url]

Anónimo dijo...

My brother suggested I might like this website. He was totally right.
This post truly made my day. You cann't imagine just how much time I had spent for this information! Thanks!

Also visit my website ... check this out

Anónimo dijo...

Undeniably believe that which you said. Your favorite justification
appeared to be on the net the simplest thing to be aware of.

I say to you, I definitely get annoyed while people consider worries that they plainly don't know about. You managed to hit the nail upon the top and also defined out the whole thing without having side effect , people can take a signal. Will likely be back to get more. Thanks

Also visit my page - Cheap Jerseys

Anónimo dijo...

I think that everything said made a lot of sense. But, think on this, suppose you added a little information?
I am not saying your information isn't good., however what if you added a headline that grabbed a person's attention?

I mean "La determinaci�n de la forma de la Tierra: Jorge Juan y Antonio Ulloa" is a little plain.
You should peek at Yahoo's front page and watch how they create news titles to get viewers to open the links. You might add a related video or a picture or two to grab readers excited about what you've written.
Just my opinion, it could make your posts a little livelier.


Feel free to surf to my web page: http://www.maxleticssports.com

Anónimo dijo...

After I initially left a comment I appear to
have clicked the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and now every time a comment is added I get 4 emails with the
exact same comment. Perhaps there is an easy method you can remove me
from that service? Cheers!

my web blog ... Louis Vuitton Bags

Anónimo dijo...

Normally I do not learn article on blogs, but I would like to say that this
write-up very pressured me to check out and do it!
Your writing taste has been amazed me. Thank you, very nice
article.

my web page Louis Vuitton Bags

Anónimo dijo...

WOW just what I was searching for. Came here by searching
for bystander

my blog post :: Louis Vuitton Outlet

Anónimo dijo...

Hello! I've been reading your web site for a while now and finally got the bravery to go ahead and give you a shout out from Austin Tx! Just wanted to say keep up the great work!

Visit my website: Michael Kors Handbags

Anónimo dijo...

Hello! I know this is kinda off topic but I'd figured I'd ask.
Would you be interested in exchanging links or maybe guest writing a blog
post or vice-versa? My site discusses a lot of the same subjects
as yours and I feel we could greatly benefit from each other.
If you might be interested feel free to send me an email.
I look forward to hearing from you! Terrific blog by the way!


My web site - Abercrombie France

Anónimo dijo...

I do believe all of the ideas you have introduced in your post.
They're really convincing and can definitely work. Still, the posts are too short for starters. May you please prolong them a little from next time? Thanks for the post.

My web page: Nike Air Jordan

Anónimo dijo...

Thankfulness to my father who told me about this blog,
this blog is really awesome.

my weblog Louis Vuitton Outlet Online

Anónimo dijo...

Useful information. Fortunate me I found your site accidentally, and I'm surprised why this coincidence did not came about in advance! I bookmarked it.

my web site; http://www.wsmisports.com/louisvuittonoutlet.html

Anónimo dijo...

Hi! I'm at work surfing around your blog from my new iphone 4! Just wanted to say I love reading through your blog and look forward to all your posts! Keep up the outstanding work!

my site :: Wholesale NFL Jerseys

Anónimo dijo...

For the reason that the admin of this site is
working, no question very shortly it will be renowned, due to
its feature contents.

Here is my site - Abercrombie Pas Cher

Anónimo dijo...

Asking questions are truly good thing if you are
not understanding anything entirely, except this piece of writing
gives fastidious understanding even.

My site Chaussures De Football

Anónimo dijo...

I'm curious to find out what blog platform you have been using? I'm having some small security problems with my latest blog and I would like to find something more safe.
Do you have any solutions?

My homepage: エアジョーダン

Anónimo dijo...

I believe that is among the such a lot important info for me.

And i am happy reading your article. But should commentary
on some common issues, The web site taste is great, the articles is in
point of fact excellent : D. Excellent task, cheers

my weblog - Air Max Pas Cher

Anónimo dijo...

Amazing blog! Do you have any hints for aspiring writers?
I'm planning to start my own blog soon but I'm a little lost on everything.
Would you advise starting with a free platform like Wordpress or go for a paid option?
There are so many choices out there that I'm totally confused .. Any suggestions? Thanks!

my weblog - Louis Vuitton 長財布

Anónimo dijo...

Ahaa, its nice conversation on the topic of this article at this place at this blog, I have read all that,
so at this time me also commenting at this place.

Also visit my website ... nikeエアジョーダン

Anónimo dijo...

Ahaa, its fastidious discussion regarding this post at this
place at this website, I have read all that, so now me
also commenting at this place.

Stop by my blog post アバクロ tシャツ

Anónimo dijo...

Great post. I was checking constantly this blog and I am impressed!
Extremely helpful information particularly the last part
:) I care for such info much. I was looking for this
particular info for a very long time. Thank you
and best of luck.

Take a look at my web site; Louis Vuitton Purses

Anónimo dijo...

I know this website offers quality dependent posts and
additional stuff, is there any other web site which offers these data in quality?


Here is my web site Sac Louis Vuitton Pas Cher

Anónimo dijo...

It's awesome to go to see this site and reading the views of all mates about this piece of writing, while I am also eager of getting familiarity.

Feel free to visit my weblog: Tory Burch Handbags

Anónimo dijo...

I blog often and I truly appreciate your information.
Your article has truly peaked my interest. I am going to
book mark your blog and keep checking for new details about once per week.
I subscribed to your Feed as well.

My webpage - Extra Resources

Anónimo dijo...

Right away I am ready to do my breakfast, later than having my breakfast coming over again to read other
news.

Visit my site: Christian Louboutin Heels

Anónimo dijo...

Excellent site you have got here.. It's difficult to find high-quality writing like yours these days. I honestly appreciate people like you! Take care!!

Check out my homepage: Sac A Main Louis Vuitton

Anónimo dijo...

Its such as you learn my mind! You appear to know a lot approximately
this, like you wrote the guide in it or something. I feel that you simply could
do with some % to drive the message house a little bit, however instead of that, this is wonderful blog.
A fantastic read. I will definitely be back.


My web-site; Chaussures Foot :: Http://Smu-Fr.Org/Chaussuredefoot.Html ::

Anónimo dijo...

Undeniably imagine that that you said. Your favourite reason
appeared to be on the net the easiest factor to be mindful
of. I say to you, I definitely get annoyed whilst people
consider concerns that they plainly don't recognize about. You managed to hit the nail upon the top as well as outlined out the entire thing with no need side effect , folks could take a signal. Will likely be back to get more. Thank you

Also visit my web site: Michael Kors

Anónimo dijo...

This website was... how do you say it? Relevant!!
Finally I have found something that helped me. Many thanks!


my weblog Nike Free 7.0

Anónimo dijo...

Hi there! I could have sworn I've been to this site before but after reading through some of the post I realized it's
new to me. Anyways, I'm definitely happy I found it and I'll be bookmarking
and checking back often!

Feel free to visit my webpage; Nike Air Max

Anónimo dijo...

I think this is one of the most vital information for me.

And i am glad reading your article. But want to remark on few
general things, The site style is ideal, the
articles is really great : D. Good job, cheers

Feel free to surf to my blog post: Michael Kors